Nuclear Power in Canada

A. Montreal Laboratory and Chalk River
1. Group of scientists (refugees, British, and Canadian) working at the University of Montreal from 1943 onwards
2. Peripheral to the main direction of research in Manhattan project in their use of heavy water
3. Not much help from the Americans who mistrust British and French
4. Little concrete achievement
5. Foundation of Chalk River
a) AECB created in 1946 under General McNaughton
B. The Importance of Heavy Water
1. Canadians inherit French heavy water via the British
2. Canadians are major producers of heavy water and uranium during the war
3. Basis of later CANDU project
C. Decision to renounce military option
1. Canada's politics of being an honest broker and middle power
2. The burden of doing so would have been very great
3. American opposition probable
D. Isolation and cooperation with US
1. MacMahon Act prevents transfer of American secrets
2. Access to uranium is still limited because of exclusive contracts with the US
3. American mistrust of Canadian, British, and French security
4. Cooperation with Americans on uranium supplies and research for Rickover's Nautilus project.

A. John D. Cockcroft and Wilfrid Bennett Lewis
1. Cockroft replaces Halban and founds Chalk River. Returns to England to manage British nuclear program
2. Lewis comes from England and a background in radar and instrumentation
3. Keen on possibilities of science and nuclear power for improving human condition
B. Experimental Reactors at Chalk River
1. ZEEP (Zero Energy Experimental Pile) 1945
2. NRX (Nuclear Research Experimental) Reactor 1947
3. NRU (National Research Universal) 1957
C. The Dream of the Power Reactor
1. Breeders or other reactors?
2. CANDU system: basic elements
D. NRC and AECL
1. NRC organizes work during WW2
2. Expansion in size of program leads to creation of AECL (1952)
3. Solid government support for Canadian nuclear effort
4. Decision taken to launch nuclear program

A. Early History of Ontario Hydro
1. "People's Power" and origins
2. Phenomenal Growth and worries of electricty shortages in postwar period
3. The mystique of nuclear power
B. The First Joint Projects
1. Rolphton 1962
2. Douglas Point
3. Pickering
C. Early Success and Growth of Nuclear Power in Canada
1. Excellent performance of Pickering
2. Increase in importance of nuclear power as a source of electricity in Ontario
3. Spread to other provinces
a) Quebec and NB
D. International Competition
1. State of international market
a) British
b) Americans
c) eventually Canadians